Experienced with a demonstrated history of working in three public universities and one telecommunication company. Skilled in Qualitative Research and Spatial Analysis. Strong education professional with a Master of Science (M.S.) focused in Geography and Environment.

Environmental Governance, Urban Planning, Environmental management, Geospatial Analysis, Climate Change and Disaster Management.

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https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=HS3uM6IAAAAJ&hl=en&authuser=1

Tobacco farming in Bangladesh has significant and far-reaching environmental impacts, affecting the land, water, and air. While the country has implemented tobacco control measures, the lack of monitoring and enforcement has resulted in environmental degradation and public health concerns. This study aims to document the environmental impact of tobacco farming in Bangladesh, adopting a qualitative approach to collect and analyze data. The study used focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and a structured questionnaire survey to gather data, assessing the impact of tobacco farming on the environment, socioeconomic conditions, and human health using a five-point impact assessment scale. Results illustrated that tobacco cultivation contributes to the ecosystem and natural resource degradation, leading to a loss of habitat diversity and domestic animal death. Soil erosion, water pollution, and air pollution from excessive plowing and pesticide usage have also been observed, causing skin diseases and other health issues. Despite some economic benefits, social conditions have worsened due to drug addiction and conflicts among tobacco workers. The study will help policymakers and environmentalists by highlighting the need to take action in reducing the environmental and social impacts of tobacco farming in Bangladesh. It also informs the public about the potential tobacco production and consumption risks. This study provides important insights into the adverse effects of tobacco farming in Bangladesh and emphasizes the importance of implementing appropriate measures to reduce environmental and public health impacts.

I consider myself a young, energetic, and enthusiastic research-oriented person. Currently, I am working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Science & Geography, Islamic University Bangladesh. My field of interest covers a wide range of topics related to environmental and applied geography. I have several years of experience in Remote sensing and GIS applications in natural resource monitoring and management.

Remote Sensing, GIS, UAV, Landuse Landcover Change Dynamics, River Morphology

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Haque-17?ev=hdr_xprf

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=TOhzWD0AAAAJ&hl=en

Tanguar Haor is one of the two listed Ramsar Sites of this country which contains a rich amount of biodiversity as well as a highly productive ecosystem. But the valuable landscape undergoes a radical change in its form over the decades. This study uses past and recent satellite data to evaluate the typical landscape change over the decades. Both pre-classification and post-classification change detection approaches were used to assess the change result from 1980 to 2010. In the pre-classification approach CVA, NDVI, and NDWI analyses were implemented to assess the changing scenario. Maximum likelihood supervised classification technique was performed to create the signature class of significant land cover category (deep water, shallow water, vegetation, and settlement). After ensuring satisfactory accuracy value for each classified image a detailed post-classification change detection analysis was executed. Image differencing, statistical change detection techniques (transition probability matrix), change dynamics analysis was also operated to evaluate the statistics of past change relative to the present. This study illustrated that about 40% land cover of the total study area has been converted over 30 years period. Forested and high land vegetation are disappearing rapidly, deep water bodies consist of large lakes are becoming the rare feature of the study area. Widespread development of settlement and dominant shallow water features are converting the natural wetland a permanent low-lying agricultural land.

The bowl-shaped depressions between the natural levees of rivers, mostly found in the wetland of the north-eastern part of Bangladesh are locally known as Haor. This study has tried to find out the dynamics of land use/land cover (LULC) change of Tanguar Haor, a Ramsar Site of Bangladesh between 1989 and 2017. Satellite data from the Landsat archive have been used to determine the LULC change and collected primary data through a questionnaire survey used to identify the factors and impacts of LULC change. Post-classification change detection techniques have been applied to evaluate the LULC change, and descriptive statistics are applied for qualitative analysis of primary data as well as other secondary data. The result summarizes that major LULC changes of Tanguar haor are characterized by the alteration of the deep-water body to shallow water body. The expansion of shallow water bodies would not change the scenario alone as one-third of the shallow water parts are influenced by either vegetation or settlement within the time frame. Among the vegetation classes, agricultural land shows the maximum ascending trend. About one-third of every vegetation cover (reed Land, forested vegetation) of Tanguar Haor is converted into agricultural land within the 28 years’ time frame. However, results also reveal that the wave of LULC changes has shifted its impact buffer from west to east throughout the observed years. More than 96% of people around Tanguar Haor are directly dependent on haor resources for their livelihood. Several important crops and vital natural vegetation of the haor basin like Bon Lobon, Hijol, Koroch, Nol, Gunji Kata, Dholkalmi, etc. are found seriously threatened because of imbalanced LULC change. The main reasons behind resource depletion and imbalanced LULC change are the overexploitation of haor resources driven by accelerated population growth, extreme poverty, and lack of proper education.

The Surma River is one of the most important rivers in the northeastern part of Bangladesh, which has changed significantly throughout history. Very few studies have taken place to understand this river's complex behavior, which characterizes its morphology. The core objective of this research is to analyze the river dynamics to understand the morphological changes of the river from 1978 to 2021. Remotely sensed satellite images of 1978, 1989, 1999, 2011, and 2021 were secondary data. The whole working procedure is the correction of satellite images, application of normalized difference water index (NDWI), demarcation of the river bank line using bank line methods, quantification of the erosion-deposition using an overlapping method, demarcation of central line shifting, measurement of the river width and finally the sinuosity index metering for 43 years. The river has changed significantly in several locations within the period in Sylhet District. Ten bends, three segments, and 200 points were taken to quantify the change dynamics. The overall analysis found that the left bank shifted more than the right bank. According to the findings, the deposition rate (80.98m/year) of river Surma is almost double the erosion rate (42.11m/year), which causes a significant decline in river width from 163m in 1978 to 123m in 2011. After counting 200 sample points, the result concluded that the average central line shifted more than average (79.50m) at 38 points indicates three major locations- Kanaighat, Dakshin Banigram, and Lalargaon. Finally, the sinuosity index found that the river became more meander following its shifting movement except for the ninth bend near Kandigaon. The riverine people indicated several anthropogenic factors, e.g., encroachment, illegal construction, pollution, illegal sand extraction, as the key issues which should be intervened and take necessary action.  

Iron contamination in groundwater is one of the potential drinking water-related problems that can pose adverse health effects on humans. This study examined iron (Fe) contamination in groundwater and searched for potentially suitable depth in the water table using geostatistical techniques in Kushtia Sadar Upazila. Water samples (n = 100) were collected through systematic sampling and analyzed with a digital Hanna HI-721 Iron Checker Handheld Colorimeter (Range: 0.00–5.00 mg/L) with Hanna HI-721 reagents. Depth information was also collected from the corresponding tube wells. Hotspot analysis, correlation statistics, hazard quotient evaluation, and suitability analysis were used in this study. The results reveal that 77% of the groundwater samples exceeded the WHO standard and 80% exceeded the Bangladesh standard, and only 43% met both standards. About two-thirds of the area studied found moderate (1.01–2 mg/L) to high (2.01–5 mg/L) contamination levels. The hotspot analysis depicts that the majority of the hotspots are in the northern part, and almost all the cold spots are in the southern part. The hazard quotient value shows that the non-carcinogenic health risks due to ingestion of iron in adults were 0.16–0.92 and in children were 0.39–2.13 and thus indicating the high health consequences for the children. The result of the Pearson correlation coefficient, r (98) = -0.570, p = 0.000, stated that there is a strong negative linear relationship between tube well depth and iron concentration level. The suitability analysis found that the ideal depth for dealing with iron contamination was found to be between 66 and 128 m based on the linear relationship.

Water and vegetation are the two most important land cover features of any natural setting. The Jhenaidah District of Bangladesh is known for its remarkable physical geography, featuring diversified vegetation cover and numerous oxbow lakes. Due to several anthropogenic causes, this majestic land cover is degrading rapidly. This study examines the study area's spatiotemporal water and vegetation cover change from 1990 to 2020. Freeware Satellite imageries from the USGS data archive were used as the main secondary data source, ensuring consistency by collecting dry season images. In addition, open discussions with the residents provided valuable insights into the situation. Remote sensing (RS) based Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) was used to detect the water and vegetation cover from the preprocessed satellite imageries. Furthermore, the water and vegetation cover were classified based on a scheme developed by field observation and discussion with the residents. The analysis reveals an overall 84.47% decline in dense vegetation, 63.01% decline in deep water cover, 185.69% increase in shallow water cover, and 16.08% increase in agricultural lands within the mentioned time frame. Almost all the upazila of Jhenauidah district experience the criticality of the land cover change. Among the upazila, Shailkupa faced an unprecedented decline in deep water (95.29%), and Kaliganj faced a heavy decrease in forested vegetation (92.40%). In contrast, shallow water expanded significantly in Sadar Upazila (251.37%), and agricultural land experienced the most increasing trend (32.70%) in Shailakupa Upazila.

Groundwater is one of the world’s most important sources of fresh drinking water. Various contaminants mix with groundwater and alter its natural composition, such as arsenic. This study aimed to ascertain the present condition of arsenic concentration, its spatial pattern, and its relationship with tube well depth in the Gangni Union in the Chuadanga district of Bangladesh. Additionally, the study tried to assess the associated noncarcinogenic health risks imposed by oral ingestion of arsenic. Systematic sampling was used to collect water samples (n=100) along with depth information from the sample tube wells. Water samples were analyzed with the pre-calibrated Hach EZ, Dual-Range Arsenic Test Kit (Range: 0.00–0.5 mg/l). Both geostatistical (spatial autocorrelation, Hotspot analysis, and IDW) and statistical (descriptive and correlation statistics) methods were used. The resultant arsenic content of the samples tested ranges from 0.0004 (mg/l) to 0.10 (mg/l). Arsenic levels in almost 42% of the samples exceeded the WHO standard, 21% exceeded the Bangladesh standard, and 37% were within the tolerable standard. Geostatistical analysis shows that approximately 63% of the total area is arsenic contaminated. Furthermore, hotspot analysis reveals that the northeastern and southeastern parts of the study area are more arsenic-contaminated than the other parts. Noncarcinogenic health risk assessment shows that children have a higher average daily dose (ADD) range (8.33E-06-0.00181) than adults (2.78E-06-0.0006). Similarly, the hazard quotient (HQ) value is also higher for children (0.0277–6.033) than for adults (0.0092–2.011). The result of Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r (98) = − 0.7580, p = 0.000, shows a negative linear relationship between concentration values and depth, meaning that increasing depth will reduce arsenic contamination from tube well water.

Urbanization has become a comprehensive phenomenon worldwide as well as in Bangladesh. This study has tried to analyze the urban land cover change pattern of Gazipur Sadar Upazila between 2001 and 2021. This study also has made an investigation to classify the urban land cover of Gazipur Sadar Upazila based on categorical spatial zoning and analyze how urbanization affects nearby green spaces to monitor environmental criticality. Multispectral Landsat satellite imageries, population census data, air quality index, and open-ended questionnaire data were used as the operational data. Spectral indices such as NDVI, and IBI, were performed from remotely sensed satellite data. NDVI was used to extract green cover and IBI was used to extract the built-up area. Spatial zoning was done based on existing literature, expert interviews, and RS analysis. Environmental criticality was analyzed by correlating population density and air quality data with the extracted green cover. Between 2001 and 2021, the built-up area expanded by around 77.7 km² and green cover by about 74.79 km². Although the green cover flourished, it decreased in Tongi and Konabari. Besides, the south-western region of Gazipur experiences rapid growth in built-up areas. Three classified zones e.g., industrial and manufacturing zone, forested zone, and neutral zone were extracted from criteria-based spatial zoning. The results of green space per capita analysis showed that from 2001 to 2021, green space in the study area decreased by 10-713 m². Environmental criticality analysis illustrated that in 2001, two regions (Tongi and Konabari) were classified as highly critical, and by 2021, this number had escalated to five (Tongi, Konabari, Kasimpur, Basan, Gaccha). Furthermore, the study uncovered that the criticality in urbanized areas is growing rapidly. 

Pipeline water supply, a primary source in urban areas, delivers treated water from water treatment plants (WTPs) directly to consumers. This study comprehensively evaluates water quality in Kushtia Municipality, Bangladesh, focusing on untreated water, treated water, and freely available public water point (PWP) samples. Twelve water samples were collected from March 1 to 7, 2024, and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The treatment efficiency, water quality index (WQI), Nemerow pollution index (NPI), and hazard quotient were calculated based on the analytical measurements. Findings indicate that, among the 12 assessed parameters, only three comply with Bangladesh’s water quality standards. The mean cumulative efficiency shows that WTP 2 exhibits the highest treatment efficiency (30.76%), whereas WTP 1 has the lowest (12.34%). While WQI scores classify all treated and PWP samples as “unfit” for consumption, treated water demonstrates comparatively better quality than PWPs. The NPI analysis identifies the primary contributing pollutants in the following order: Biochemical oxygen demand>hardness>alkalinity>iron>temperature>electrical conductivity. The health risk assessment reveals no significant risk of iron ingestion or dermal exposure for adults and children. However, long-term ingestion of arsenic-contaminated water presents a moderate health risk for both groups, while dermal contact poses no risk.

Chattogram City Corporation (CCC), Bangladesh’s second biggest metropolis and major port area, faces environmental degradation due to tremendous urbanization and human activities. The objective of this study was to identify the changes in spatiotemporal features of ecological quality because of the influence of the city spread in the CCC between 2011 and 2023. Ecological indices e.g. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Land Surface Moisture (LSM), Normalized Differential Build-up and Bare Soil Index (NDBSI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST) were integrated for a Remote Sensing-Based Ecological Index (RSEI). Index values ranging from 0 to 1 were classified into five equal interval classes (Bad, Poor, Moderate, Good, and Excellent). To assess and compare the emerging hotspots in the surrounding regions, the Urban Expansion Intensity Index (UEII), Annual Urban Expansion Rate (AUER), and Urban Expansion Differentiation Index (UEDI) were calculated using Landsat imagery. Ecologically bad and poor regions together in CCC increased from 50.01% in 2011 to 58.32% in 2023. According to RSEI change dynamics, 6237.14 hectares of land were ecologically damaged whereas 2693.66 hectares of land had experienced enhanced ecological condition, suggesting a concerning deterioration of ecological quality in the area. Kotwali thana showed the highest AUER rate of 4.01% in comparison to other urban hubs between the designated time frame. In contrast, Patenga shows lower expansion rates of 1.77%. Moreover, Kotwali has the greatest UEII (1.67) and UEDI (1.06). This implies significant stress from urbanization and development in this area. The analysis of Moran’s I index values for CCC states a general pattern of decreased spatial clustering. Understanding the transitions between different ecological quality classes and combining UEII and UEDI provide targeted locations that need actions to control rapid growth or promote development.

This study investigates the ecological risk of Halti Beel, one of the significant parts of the largest wetland ecosystem of Bangladesh, following the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ecological risk assessment (ERA) guidelines. Physicochemical parameters of water and sediment were analyzed in reference to Environmental Conservation Rules (ECR) and EPA standards. Socio-economic data from local communities and species data from wetland authorities were integrated through questionnaire surveys. Multispectral satellite imageries were used to evaluate the ecological risks associated with LULC changes from 2000 to 2023. ENVI Thematic Change Workflow (TCW) tool was used for LULC change dynamics analysis over 2000-2010, 2010-2023, and 2000-2023. An ecological risk model was developed using Landscape Ecological Risk Indexes (LERI) in Fragstats 4.2; risk zones were mapped, and risk levels were categorized from minimal to severe. A linear regression analysis in SPSS was done to reveal significant relationships between ecological risk and different stressors. The results indicate that the collected samples' DO, turbidity and electric conductivity exceed the ECR, 1997, and EPA, 2012 standards. The socio-economic prospects of the area largely depend on fishing, farming, and wetland resources, which support local livelihoods despite growing environmental pressure. However, low education levels, poor sanitation, and unregulated land use challenge the local people's socioeconomic condition. Most of the environmental and anthropogenic factors have strong connections with ecological risk and leave the current status of species highly vulnerable. The significant LULC transformation: from 2000 to 2023, 55.63 % of deep water was converted into shallow water, 11.68 % to agricultural land, and 19.52% of agricultural land was converted to rural settlements, indicating increasing anthropogenic pressure. Between 2000 and 2010, notable changes are that 60.86 % of deep water was converted into shallow water and 18.54 % shifted to agricultural land. From 2010 to 2023, a major transformation of almost half of the deep water area was converted into shallow water and 9.09 % to agricultural land. Ecological risk fluctuated over time; in 2023 ecological risk spread all over the area and middle, highest, and higher risk areas increased synchronously. Major ecological risk areas shifted to the southwest part of the area. The overall results indicate that ecological risk is increasing evidently

Physicochemical and bacterial contamination pose a significant threat to drinking water quality in Bangladesh, requiring comprehensive analysis. This study investigates the physicochemical and metagenomic quality of drinking water from one of four water treatment plants (WTPs) in Kushtia Municipality, Bangladesh. Water samples (n = 3) from untreated, treated, and supplied water were collected between March 1 and 7, 2025. Thirteen physicochemical parameters were analyzed using traditional methods, while bacterial load was assessed using Plate Count Agar. Microbial diversity was analyzed through metagenomic sequencing of DNA extracted using the DNeasy PowerWater Kit, targeting the 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4 region) on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Alpha and beta diversity were evaluated with Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices, and taxonomic and pathway analysis were performed on the Kaiju and Nephele platforms. Water quality was assessed using treatment efficiency metrics, the Water Quality Index (WQI), and the Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI). Results reveal that only three of the physicochemical parameters meet the water quality standards of Bangladesh. The WTP's cumulative efficiency metric was found to be 30.76%. The WQI indicated that all water samples were unfit for drinking. The NPI showed that eight out of thirteen physicochemical parameters significantly contribute to poor water quality. Microbial evaluations revealed high bacterial levels in untreated and supplied water samples. Alpha diversity analysis, using Shannon and Simpson indices, showed no significant differences in bacterial abundance across water types. Beta diversity analysis indicated minimal dissimilarity. Functional profiling suggested the presence of antibiotic resistance–associated pathways, with predicted beta-lactam resistance representing 24.1% in treated water and 25.0% in supplied water. The dominant phyla include Proteobacteria (38% in untreated, 39% in treated, and 42% in supplied). About 75%, 83%, and 67% of the identified bacterial species were found to be pathogenic, antibiotic-resistant, and biofilm-forming, respectively, while 58% were classified as opportunistic pathogens. These results underscore the need for improved water treatment practices and more robust monitoring systems to ensure the population can access safe drinking water.

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